Thomas Edisons Recolections of his Life - 771 Words

Thomas Edison It is extremely hard for most people today – at least those of us in so-called developed countries – to remember, or even picture a world without telephones, movie theaters, recorded music or even electric lights. But not very long ago, none of those inventions existed. Some say I was ahead of my time, that I was the wizard of Menlo Park. By now you know who I am, Im Thomas Edison, I invented the first incandescent electric light bulb, the first motion picture camera, the first industrial research lab, and much more. But I am more than an inventor. Have you lately faced a road block or found yourself giving up? Well I can fix that. Lets start with a brief history of myself so you can understand my motivations and†¦show more content†¦I soon received a reputation as a first-rank inventor. My work included stock tickers, fire alarms, methods of sending simultaneous messages on one wire, and an electrochemical telegraph to send messages by automatic machin ery. The crowning achievement of this period was the quadruplex telegraph, which sent two messages simultaneously in each direction on one wire. In 1876, I created a freestanding industrial research facility incorporating both a machine shop and laboratories. Here in Menlo Park, on the rail line between New York City and Philadelphia, I developed three of my greatest inventions. I was encouraged by Western Union to develop a telephone that could compete with Alexander Graham Bells, so I invented a transmitter in which a button of compressed carbon changed its resistance as it was vibrated by the sound of the users voice, a new principle that is used in telephones in this century. While working on the telephone in the summer of 1877, I discovered a method of recording sound, and in the late fall I unveiled the phonograph. This astounding instrument brought myself the nicknames, the Wizard of Menlo Park and the inventor of the age. Finally, beginning in the fall of 1878, I devoted thirty months to developing a complete system of incandescent electric lighting. In the early years of the automobile industry there were hopes for an electric vehicle, and I spent the first decade of the twentieth

Essay On Sleep Deprivation - 801 Words

Around the world sleep deprivation could be detrimental to people lives and health. Without sleep Im a angry person I get real snappy and grumpy. I would like to know more about the effects of the lack of sleep that effects people’s lives. I know that without sleep you can’t function properly. Why do people choose to push themselves to the limit when they are tired? Who do sleep issues mainly effect? These are some of the questions that I have pertaining to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a global epidemic around the world. In Africa and Asia research have shown that millions of people have been suffering from sleep related problems. Current study shows that sleep disturbances is a significant public health issue affecting older†¦show more content†¦Sleep deprivation can lead to health related problems such as smoking, drinking and poor diet. Research that was conducted in Ghana, Tanzania, south Africa, India and Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia and in an urban area of Kenya shows that 150 million adults in developing countries are suffering from sleep related problems. Over 40 percent of people in Bangladesh may experience sleep problems again with higher prevalence among women said author Dr. Saverio Stranges. The prevalence of sleep problems was highest in Bangladesh, as people in this country are prone to anxiety and depression. Insomnia treatment might help overcome their sleep problems. The amount of sleep and the equality of sleep ha ve been shown to affect appetite, weight control and the effectiveness of diets for weight loss. Having a extra hour of sleep decreases the risk of coronary heart calcification (hardening of the arteries). Sleep deprivation negatively effects the brains memory. According to Ted Abel, PhD, Brush Family Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania and senior author of the study, explains: Lack of sleep is a common problem in our 24/7 modern society and it has severe consequences for health, overall wellbeing, and brain function. Sleep deprivation impacts the brains neuronal connections, which leads to memory loss. Without sleep your brain or body cannot function the same whichShow MoreRelatedSleep Deprivation Essay2576 Words   |  11 PagesRunning head: BASIC PERSPECTIVES ON MOTIVATION Basic Perspectives on Motivation: Evaluating Five Accounts for Sleep and Sleep Deprivation David Hickson University of Southern Queensland Abstract Sleep deprivation is prevalent in industrialized societies and has been linked to serious health issues and traffic accidents. This essay views sleep and sleep deprivation from five different motivational perspectives in order to gain a holistic understanding of the phenomena. From evolutionaryRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay3848 Words   |  16 PagesAbstract Sleep is one of our basic needs to survive, however in the modern days sleep deprivation in increasing more and more each day, causing accidents and medical problems for the people and the community. This essay will look at the meaning of sleep and sleep deprivation and the basic perspectives on what motivates sleep and sleep deprivation with the five perspectives; evolutionary, psychodynamic, behaviourist, cognitive and the hierarchy of needs. This essay will also evaluate the best perspectiveRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesSleep is one of the most important things a person does each day. It allows the body to rest and to replenish itself so that it is better able to serve its function of living. Yet many people who dont have enough hours in the day to do everything have to cut out sleep before any other activity. This is especially true for teenagers, who most nights are frantically trying to finish writing essays and completing worksheets before the cloc k strikes twelve, or are busy participating in after schoolRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesOutline Sleeping Deprivation General Purpose: To inform. Specific purpose: Sleep is a precious gift that allows people to rest. Not getting enough rest on a constant basis can lead to greater problems, even death Organizational Pattern: Introduction I. Blame It On the Light Bulb.  Ã‚  College students and individuals around the world are suffering from a health problem that can be more detrimental to their health than some forms of cancer.  Ã‚  What is it?  Ã‚  Sleep Deprivation II. People areRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay684 Words   |  3 PagesSleep Deprivation It’s seven thirty in the morning, the time that most American high schools begin class. Instead of being chipper and ready to learn, most teenagers, at this time of the morning, can barely remain awake. These puffy eyed pupils are by no means ready to learn. Sixty percent children under 18 reported being sleepy during the day, with another fifteen percent reporting that they had fallen asleep during the school day within the past year (National Sleep Foundation, Dozing)Read MoreSleep Deprivation Essay901 Words   |  4 Pages Most teens do not know what sleep deprivation is, it occurs when a person fails to receive enough sleep at night. A teen need nine hours of sleep to not feel sleep deprived also to be well alert and rested for the next day. Its more than important to manage enough sleep for the next day or experiences regarding the effects of sleep deprivation will occur. Many teens definitely have experienced sleep deprivation and may not have known how serious it is along with how bad it can affect them. TeenagersRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesSleep is a necessity that people require to live a healthy lifestyle, and to partake in daily activities. Sleep is something that improves concentration, physical health, and provides energy. Steve Jobs once said, â€Å"For you to sleep well at night, the aesthetic, the quality, has to be carried all the way through.† Steve Jobs is proclaiming that to receive the full benefits of sleep, people must sleep the recommended hour s. College students continue to undergo a lack of sleep as they persist throughRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesSleep deprivation is something that has visited everyone at least once in your lifetime, whether you are a student, new time parents, have a night job, in the military, it comes and goes. I have dealt with sleep deprivation for around 5 years now. Growing up in an active family I have always had a hard time sleeping, especially when I had stayed in for the day. Starting up high school was the worse time for my sleep deprivation to kick up. I was balancing home school, volunteer work, and was alsoRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay729 Words   |  3 Pages No one really knows why humans sleep, but it is said that they use less energy when they are sleeping. Many Americans do not get the amount of sleep they need to get, and this can affect their cognitive abilities. The cause of this sleep deprivation varies among individuals, but could be overschedul ing or even technology. Many people may get the symptoms of sleep deprivation, but they ignore it, and this leads to harsh consequences. Sleep can play a vital role in making someone feel better, livingRead More Sleep Deprivation Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sleep deprivation has become a major problem with Americans. Over 100 million Americans today suffer from lack of sleep. This has been an ongoing problem throughout the centuries. People owe their bodies sleep and scientist are calling it a â€Å"Sleep debt†. An average American owes their body at least thirty hours of sleep. This lack of sleep is as hazardous as drunk driving. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One man caught sleep deprivation at it’s best. He pushed himself

Edhec Family Business Free Essays

Family business How to apply your MBA learning in your family business? There are a few EDHEC Global MBA participants who decided to study in this program to search for better understanding of business disciplines in order to improve their quality as managers with the main goal of returning to their countries and continue their family business. Family business can be very large, a big example is Walmart that even after 43 years and being the third largest company in the world, the Walton family still owns 48% of the stake. However, most cases of family business still relate to medium or smaller sizes. We will write a custom essay sample on Edhec Family Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now The good thing about a family business is that it has a strong sense of commitment and honor from the members. Family businesses are more likely to last because there will always be an effort on the part of the family members not to let it die or fade related to their inner values. Brazilian candidate, Andressa Lass Santos provides us with her testimony on her family business case: â€Å"The EDHEC MBA program has been helping me gain a broader perspective in relation to several business facets such as leadership, accounting, management, studying the local economy and the industry and how to combine them all in a strategic manner. Every class has been helping me come up with ideas and is making me notice flaws that I had never perceived before, as well as areas where there are room for improvements in my family business. My father started a construction company and asphalt plant 25 years ago in Curitiba, Brazil. He is an engineer and agrees with me that if I gain more management skills it would be very useful for the company, since he has little time to invest in that, and in fact he is beginning to think to step out of the picture and work more as a counselor. As each single class goes by, I learn something new and try to think how to implement in our family business. My ideas arise from the hiring process, motivations of the employees until thinking globally of macroeconomics and strategically trying to apply how we could possibly expand our business or even find new ideas related to it, such as maybe starting another business or company that could support the construction company. For that reason I will choose the Entrepreneurship track in the MBA program, I believe it is the track that I will most benefit from when thinking about my family business and how we want to expand it. † How to cite Edhec Family Business, Essay examples

Case study American Apparel’s Unwrapping Ethics free essay sample

The ethical dilemma within American Apparel is classic example indicating that recognizing an ethical issue is never an easy thing. It has become a successful clothing and fashion company for decades of years and it was well-known for its insistence of product quality which are featured as whole organic and â€Å"made in US† Meanwhile, American Apparel was admired for its continual exploration for the optimal social warfare for its employees in terms of labor, compensation, medical care and job security etc. However, ironically American Apparel was more than once engaged in unethical sexual issues such as poster sex appeal and office sexual harassment lawsuit. There are overwhelming complains from the public that America Apparel is conveying many sexual suggestions through their marketing and advertising instruments including but not limited to those indoor and outdoor post of naked models and sex hint slogans and social media as well. There are plenty of concerns and sounds from the teenager parents that these revolutionary ads and commercials will wrongly lead their children to an undesirable that younger are vulnerable to those sexually relevant hints. We will write a custom essay sample on Case study: American Apparel’s Unwrapping Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are delightful to see that American Apparel is teaching their girls the fashion trends but are extensively worried about their future. Moreover, CEO Dov Charney has made extremely worse example of how an enterprise can cast controversial ethical movement at the sometime. He has been sued for several cases of sexual harassment and inappropriate foul language among his female employees and models internally. The interesting part for me is that even though he was tried to control and threat his female crew and models from outside by keeping their nude pictures for creating hostile working environment and other dark purposes, all the cases are terminated outside of court. Debts are about to payback finally. American Apparel is suffered from damage or brand image and drinks bitter of huge debt on the edge. From my perspective, the fashion need and eager of pursuit of beauty that American Apparel has enforced to its main customer segments which are mostly young people in their early twenties could be a hidden catalyst for doing something wildly. The argument that the brand strategy represented by the CEO Charney has given for explaining their advertisement campaigns which is to exploit the sexual liberty for women has possibly become a trigger of juvenile crimes. Although American Apparel has sharp consciousness and cutting-edge trend development strategy, it is definitely worthless to sacrifice its social responsibility and to ruin our public goodwill with the seductive suggestions in the commercial campaign are socially irresponsible for mass and for whole society confronted with its characteristics of encouraging and appealing for sex impulsiveness.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Timberland Essay Example

Corporate Social Responsibility and Timberland Paper In what ways does Timberland fulfill its responsibility to consumers, employees, investors and society as a whole? A : 1 : Timberland’s mission has been to equip people to make their difference in the world. Let them be consumers , employees , investors or society as a whole. Timberland ‘s business is a model for both commerce and justice having a long history in this regard. While continuing to build its reputation as a brand that stands for durability, ruggedness the American outdoor since 1950 , Timberland has been constructing a reputation of integrity and commitment to the community as well. Timberland is committed to ensuring that the workers who produce products are provided with fair, safe and non-discriminatory workplaces. Their products are produced in factories across the globe—in 38 countries by roughly 300 factories and approximately 247,000 workers. Timberland ‘s Code of Conduct is to officially formalize the pursuit of human dignity in the manufacturing process. Timberland has always pursued to serve their various stakeholders— from a demanding shareholder or discerning customer to an employee who wants to make a living with purpose. Timberland has maintained their contract very well with various vendors, suppliers, customers, and local communities to create products. Timeberland ‘s our Code of Conduct demands much more than the minimum industry-standard requirements of environmental and human rights laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Social Responsibility and Timberland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Social Responsibility and Timberland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Social Responsibility and Timberland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Child labor has been adhered at 16 (which is higher than the law in some countries where their products are manufactured today), and also overtime being paid at a premium despite local laws and have maintained zero tolerance for working hours over 60 hours per week. Timberland listens to stakeholder voices and constantly works to improve assessment and human rights programs. They have taken on the challenge of helping factories build new and different management systems and improves staff knowledge about corporate social responsibility issues. Timberland has also incorporated items that often fall â€Å"beyond factory walls† into the assessment program. Basic things like nutritious food, medical services, housing, child care, schooling, and transportation are all taken into account during the evaluation. It is ensured that that there are ways for workers to learn and grow, such as opportunities for recreation, skills development, and savings or credit—all essential for ensuring the dignity of workers in the global supply chain. As a publicly traded enterprise and a corporate citizen, Timberland is committed to engaging investors / stakeholders in dialogue and action to reduce our global footprint. Investor profiles is broad and diverse, and includes groups or individuals who can affect—or are affected by—the company. Timberland’s approach to stakeholder engagement focuses on two central tenets—transparency and accountability . †¢ Transparency enables to engage in candid dialogue with stakeholders, challenge assumptions and encourage innovation. It also helps build trust with these partners and critics to deepen understanding of impact on the world and advance approach to corporate social responsibility. †¢ Accountability similarly drives efforts to seek public and stakeholder input as to pursue commitment to commerce and justice. By communicating performance, stakeholders can measure progress and hold them accountable for planned improvements. At Timberland, social responsibility starts at the top. The Company has a strong set of values that form the resolve for all that is being done for he community – humanity, humility, integrity excellence. Timberland has pioneered several progressive environmental and social programs. All these programs together under one umbrella of Corporate Social Responsibility formalized Timberland’s Four CSR Pillars: Energy, Product, Workplace Service. Embedded in each pillar is a commitment or bold goal that drives Timberour strategy in that arena. Q : 2 : In addition to a cl imate of social responsibility, do you think Timberland is likely to foster a climate of ethical awareness throughout its organization? Explain your answer. A:2 : Timerland’s Code of Conduct : To create measurable sustainable impact in the lives of workers , the communities where we live and work and the environment we cherish through strategic relationships and investments that unleash civic potential , build capabilities and convene stake holders in common purpose. Well, I feel, its indeed a great combination Timberland has to do business keeping in mind social welfare . Business and community being joined together to create more powerful enterprise and community fostering a climate of ethical awareness throughout its organization. The issues being embraced as an enterprise and as a community are complex and far reaching. And to extend influence as a responsible business, Timberland looks for opportunities to leverage their expertise by educating and empowering a wider society (that is, other brands, government organizations and private citizens). In this way, they promote and steward the environmental and social health of our planet and its people and share our passion for Earthkeeping activities. Approach to building strong communities and a healthy planet through civic action is grounded in three basic criteria: †¢ Timberland’s corporate culture is built around values of Humanity, Humility, Integrity and Excellence. In the CSR arena, as in every aspect of the company, all programs must reflect these values. Company rely on a collaborative process built on a common vision and aligned values—within our organization and with partners in the industry—to create enduring change. This includes working together to raise awareness, model innovation and compel action. †¢ The results of efforts across all four CSR pillars of Energy, Product, Workplace and Service must be measurable and transformative . Q : 3 : In what ways does Timberland’s path of service programs help develop the quality of its work force? A: 3 : Business community shall be joined together you have a more powerful enterprise community. said Ken Freitas – Timberland Vice President Social Enterprise. Timberland implements this commitment through a serious of programmes in which its employees including top managers corporate dollars participate. Thru its path of service program, employees receives up to 40 hours of paid time per year to participate in community service projects at local schools, day care centers, the society for prevention of cruelty to animals ( SPCA ), food banks, and the like they might clean up a nearby beach or help build a park. Years ago Timberland established its service sabbatical program, in which 3-6 months sabbaticals are awarded to as many as 4 employees who wish to use their professional skills to assist non profitable organizations full time, then there is a global serv–A–Palooza, the annual worldwide co-wide celebration during which 2000 employees, vendors and community partners in a day of service. Engaging as a company in community service over the years has produced a variety of benefits, including the following: Augmented employee development. Our service projects are employee organized and led. Employees who step up to lead service projects receive training in project management, team motivation, and presentation skills, which they can transfer from their service roles into a professional capacity . †¢Increased employee attraction and retention. Responses to our global employee survey consistently indicate that the Path of Serviceâ„ ¢ program benefit is a factor in our employees’ decision to work for and stay at Timberland. Strengthened business partnerships. Timberland encourage employees to share the service ethos with business partners, vendors, and customers, to increase the impact which can be made in communities. Sharing in service experiences provides insight into the company culture and values—an asset in building ongoing business relationships. †¢Reinforced commitment to community building and goodwill. Lasting impacts prevails in the communities in which contributions linger long after the specific service event.

the body essays

the body essays The story was written from the point of view of a grown up person that took a part in the story when he was a child. Gordy tell us about his adventure with his bodys on a search after a dad body. The mission is to find the body of a dead men that be run over by train. In my opinion every one went to this mission with his own personal mission Gordy - wanted to see how a dad body looks like, because he didnt accept his brother's death, after this event Gordy felt like no one loves him any more in the family and he wanted to prove his father that he is as good as his brother was. Warren - he told to his friend all about the dead body and sagest that all of them will go to find it. He wanted to prove to his brother that he is as good as him. Teddy - wanted to prove him self in front of his friends thats why he looks for adventures all the time. Cris - wanted to prove that he is better than every one thinks about him and he want to fight against the stigma that the society stick to his all family. They started to walk along the train rode that leads to the place where the body was seen, along the road the friends experience in all kinds of troubles like shortage of food and water, they solve all the troubles in a deferent ways like collecting money from all the members and buying food from the nearest grocery shop. All along the way they supporting each other but, its not stopping them to fight too. One of the problems was to decide whether to walk on the train bridge or to go around it (5 km ) fortunately the train came when they were on the bridge, they got scared and start running Gordy and Warren didnt succeeded to pass train bridge and had to jump over it. At night they divided the night into four shifts, every one guarded one shift with the same gun. On the trip they told each other every emotional feeling. The other group decided to find the dead body also. ...

Enhancing Employees Literacy Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enhancing Employees Literacy Skills - Essay Example Among the consequences of low levels of workplace literacy and numeracy are: time and costs wasted in having to repeat assignments; inefficient work teams, wasted material, poor training, miscalculated finances, injuries in the workplace, unsafe practices and difficulties recruiting and retaining skilled staff (AI Group, 2010). The consequences of low levels of literacy in the workplace are therefore far-reaching. Campbell (2005) informed that â€Å"literacy skills are vital to high performance and productivity† in the workplace (p. 1). The reality is, low adult literacy in general has negative impacts not only on business activities, but on the individual and the country’s economy as a whole. Poor literacy constrains an individual in terms of career choices, impairs a business’s competiveness and thus undermines the country’s ability to compete globally (Campbell, 2005). It therefore follows that improving literacy skills in the workplace is an urgent mat ter. This paper proposes a project aimed at resolving this dilemma and thus suggests a program directed at employers that will enhance literary skills in the workplace. The program thus directs attention to workplace change that can enhance literacy in the workplace. ...Thus the workplace literacy program suggested is one that not only offers literacy training for employees but also ensures that literacy learning is a part of the workplace environment. Employees are not only encouraged to participate in literacy learning programs, but are also engaged in the workplace in such a way that fosters literacy improvement. The proposed workplace literacy improvement project is realistic in that it readily accepts that workplace literacy is low and in order to improve workplace literacy change must occur in the workplace first and foremost. This workplace literacy enhancement project takes the position that a learning environment in the workplace is conducive to enhancing literacy. Thus the re is an emphasis on the utility of investing in information technology and information technology training in the workplace as a supplement to general literacy training and education in the workplace. An examination of the literature identifies the efficacy of fostering a learning environment and in particular investing in and using information technology as a training and educational tool as well as a tool for business operations. A Review of the Literature Smith et al (2000) admitted that schools around the globe have systematically failed to produce the requisite number of skilled and talented workers. This may not be entirely true as a number of persons have literacy deficiencies because they either did not complete school or simply failed to attend school at all.

Media & Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media & Communications - Essay Example The internet, satellites, optics and mobile technology are but ordinary elements of modern life (Willinsky, 1999). Communications and technology, taken separately, are both pervasive forces in society. They both influence each other but does either of them drive the other to the extent of defining its existence The theory of technological determinism states that technology is the major molding factor in how society progresses (Franklin, 1990). Technological determinism's central theme is that technology dictates how societies create themselves. It further suggests that the introduction of new technologies have a direct and permanent means of changing society (Craig, 2000). Marshall McLuhan is one of the proponents of the technological determinism theory. His work was inspired by Harold Innes and Lewis Mumford to study the effects of media on people and society. The first part of his theories tackles the uses of senses in the communication process. The second part of his theory involved the greater impact of the medium, which is greatly immersed with technological developments, versus the content of communication (Munday, 2002, para. 5, 6). The book "The Medium Is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects", states that, "Before the invention of the phonetic alphabet, man lived in a world where all the senses were balanced and simultaneous, a closed world of tribal depth and resonance." (McLuhan, and Fiore, 1967, p. 245). This suggests that because of developments in technology, specifically through print and the phonetic alphabet communication, that the immediate transmission of thought is compromised as well as the social interaction involved in speech communication (Munday, 2002, para. 7). The implication is that communication need not be a directly social process and can be achieved with a degree of isolation. Another implication that was suggested was that the visual superseded auditory awareness as the sense essential for communication. It was further suggested that developments such as that of the printing press and mass media will fuel these developments. He points out to an ominous scenario of diminishing sensory perceptions and increasing social isolation Implications of Technological Determinism to Communications One of the reasons why technological determinism and communications have been brought up together is primarily because it figured prominently in McLuhan's theorization. Since communication involves the exchange of information and ideas, the level of efficiency and effectivity of the communication progress is indicative of the degree of organization and management there is in the society. In the context of today's life, technology and communication are even more intertwined as shown by the development of electronic media and communications. Technological Determinism in Critique Raymond Williams, together with Eric Hobsbawm, and E. P. Thompson became the important intellectuals of the Western World from 1965 to 1985 (Cowling, 1990 para. 1-2). In the 70's and 80's, Williams spoke regarding feminism, Welsh nationalism, the environment and the imperialism in the Third World (para. 5). He gained prominence publishing his book in 1958 entitled "Culture and Society: 1780-1950". He was a popular and prolific writer in the 1960's and used literature and

Planning and Goal Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning and Goal Setting - Essay Example For instance, he may ask that interviews be carried out around campus in a bid to gather certain information. For instance if the principal has heard of several complaints on numerous occasions, in order to have an idea of how many people are discontented, he may ask for data concerning this to be collected so as to enable him to act if need be. This is done mostly while analyzing data collected, mostly through questionnaires. If there was a certain question concerning this, then the campus leader will look at the responses and this will help in determining personnel needs. This article seeks to focus on a fundamental issue- the shortage of teachers and how to get more young people interested in the profession. Although this issue has been raised over a number of years, proper plans have not been put in place. This article outlines plans that have been proposed and implemented over years. For instance; CAPE. Identify the principal competencies and supporting standards involved or implicated in the reading, (e.g., Competency 5 and Competency 6, , including the following standard: Analyze the implications of various factors (e.g., staffing patterns, class scheduling formats, school organizational structures, student discipline practices) for teaching and learning, (Competency 5); Implement effective, appropriate, and legal strategies for the recruitment, screening, selection, assignment, induction, development, evaluation, promotion, discipline and dismissal of campus staff, (Competency 6). Implement old plans instead of making new plans. There are already plans on how to deal with the shortage of teachers; however these plans are usually scrapped for new ones without full implementation. Planning without implementation is an act in futility. The acute shortage of teachers is caused by the modern view of a teacher. A job deemed to be almost ‘menial’.

Review of DNA and Protein Microarray for BioMEMS Technology

Review of DNA and Protein Microarray for BioMEMS Technology In recent years increase in genetically caused diseases is one of the major threat to mankind. Some of the genetically caused diseases are down syndrome, diabetes, obesity, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis. This review paper explains how BioMEMS (Biological MicroElectroMechanicalSystem) technology used in microarrays and finding of gene expression which leads to medicine for particular diseases. BioMEMS research has been acquiring importance, due to the possibility of exploiting miniaturization to create new opportunities in medicine. BioMEMS systems in general have more diversity of materials and function than conventional MEMS devices. In BioMEMS ink-jet printing, photolithography techniques were introduced to deposit protein and DNA in array. DNA and protein micro-arrays based BioMEMS could be very extensively for rapid detection, drug discovery, and screening, especially when combined with integrated micro-fluidics and sensitive detection technologies. The techniques used to d efine patterns on semiconductor surfaces were utilized to construct arrays of single-stranded DNA. Once single strands of known sequences (capture probes) are placed at specific known sites on a chip surface, hybridization with molecules of unknown sequence (target probes) can reveal the sequence. Microarray-based gene expression profiling can be used to identify genes whose expression is changed in response to  disease caused genetically by comparing gene expression in infected to that in uninfected cells or tissues. Protein and antibody arrays can play a key role in search for disease-specific proteins that have medical, diagnostic, prognostic, and commercial potential as disease markers or as drug targets and for determination of predisposition to specific disease via genotypic screening. Array-based integrated chips and micro-fluidics hold a great potential for the development of high-throughput approaches to systematically analyze these proteins and to assign a biological fun ction, determine protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. This paper tells about varies applications of BioMEMS to detect the defective gene the causes diseases and the fabrication methods used in microarrays chip production. Keywords: LOC Lab-on-a-chip, BioMEMS (Biological MicroElectroMechanicalSystem), ÃŽÂ ¼TAS (Micro Total Analysis System), Oligonucleotide, Microdroplets , Electrospray. 1. Introduction Microarray technology has been applied to study of gene expression to study mechanisms of diseases and to accelerate the drug discovery process. There is a definite trend towards increasing the use of molecular diagnostic methods, and biochip technologies, along with bioinformatics techniques. Classification of human disease using microarrays is considered to be important. The emphasis is not only on diagnosis but also on disease management, including monitoring the effect of treatment and determining prognosis [1]. Microarray and lab-on-a-chip systems are going to fulfill these new requirements, including the miniaturization of biological assays as well as the parallelization of analysis. Although the concept has been performed by miniaturizing the analytical equipments, the technology comes from the microeletromechanical and microelectronics industries [2]. Lab-on-a-chip technology is the method of choice to integrate processes and reaction and scale them down from conventional gla ssware to microfluidics, involving micro-sized channels in glass or polymer chips [3]. DNA microarray also knows as DNA chips, comprise a new technology emerging at a tremendous pace because of its power, flexibility, sensitivity and relative simplicity [4]. BioMEMS for proteomics can be divided into LOC device for specific tasks such as protein isolation, purification, digestion, and separation; and microarray device for high throughput study of protein abundance and function. An emergence of DNA, protein microarray has emerged over the last few years with commercial potential beyond the confines of the research laboratory [5]. In this paper we start our discussion with the history of microarray; subsequently we go into the details of general techniques used in DNA and protein microarray followed by fabrication and the application and future of microarray. 2. History of Microarray Microarray technology evolved from Southern blotting, where fragmented DNA is attached to a substrate and then probed with a known gene or fragment [6]. The first reported use of this approach was the analysis of 378 arrayed lysed bacterial colonies each harboring a different sequence which were assayed in multiple replicas for expression of the genes in multiple normal and tumor tissue [7]. These early gene arrays were made by spotting cDNA onto filter paper with a pin-spotting device. The use of miniaturized microarray for gene expression profiling was first reported in 1995 [8]. This technology allowed scientists to analyze thousands of mRNAs in a single experiment to determine whether expression is different in disease state. Unfortunately, mRNA levels within a cell are often poorly correlated with actual protein abundance [9]. A complete eukaryotic genome on a microarray was published in 1997[10]. The development of biochip has a long history, starting with early work on the und erlying sensor technology. In 1953, Watson and Crick announced their discovery of now familiar double helix structure and sequencing techniques by Gilbert and Sanger in 1977 [11, 12]. Two additional developments enable the technology used in modern DNA-based biosensors. First, in 1983 Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a method for amplifying DNA concentration. This discovery made possible the detection of extremely small quantities of DNA in samples. Second, in 1986 Hood and co-workers devised a method to label DNA molecules with fluorescent tags instead of radiolables, thus enabling hybridization experiments to be observed optically [13]. A big boost in research and commercial interest came in the mid 1990s, when ÃŽÂ ¼TAS (Micro Total Analysis System) technology turned out to provide interesting tooling for genomics application, like capillary electrophoresis and DNA microarray [14]. Immunoassays, the precursor to protein chips available since t he 1980s, exploit the interactions between antibodies and antigens in order to detect their concentrations in biology sample. Their creation, however, is tedious and expensive. As to this, research at Harvard University combined the technology of immunoassays and DNA microarray to develop the protein chip [15]. 3. DNA Microarrays and Fabrication 3.1 Introduction Microarray analysis allows simultaneous of gene and gene products, including DNA, mRNA and proteins. There are basically two formats: cDNA microarrays and oligonucleotide microarrays. A cDNA microarray is an orderly arrangement of DNA probe spot printed onto a solid matrix such as glass, nylon, or silicon. The substrate is usually less than 4ÃÆ'-4 cm, while the spot size is less than 250ÃŽÂ ¼m. A DNA molecular probe is tethered (embedded and immobilized) to each spot on microarray. surface modification of the substrate, such as wit poly-L-lysin or silane, facilitates adhesion of the DNA probes. Hybridization is the base pairing between target and the probe, and is limited by the sensitivity and specificity of the microarray. There are three basic types of oligonucleotide microarrays: gene expression, genotyping (SNPs), and resquencing. Genomic DNA may be used for the study of SNPs, while expressed DNA sequence (cDNA clones, expressed sequence tags or ESTs) are used for gene expre ssion [17]. 3.2 Microarrays for Gene Expression Gene expression microarrays are tools that tell how much RNA (if any) a gene is making. Since 1977, and prior to microarray, only a few genes could be studied at a time using the northern blot analysis. GeneChip (Fig. 1.1) microarrays use the natural chemical attraction, or hybridization, between DNA on the array and RNA target molecule from the sample based on complementary base pairs. Only RNA target molecule that have exact complementary base pair bind to the prob. Gene expression detection microarray is that they are able to measure tens of thousands of genes at a time, and it is this quantitative change in the scale of gene measurement that has led to a qualitative change in our ability to understand regulatory processes that occur at the cellular level. It is possible to obtain near comprehensive expression data for individual tissues or organs in various states. Compressions are possible for transcriptional activity across different tissue, and group of patients with and witho ut a particular disease or with two different diseases. Microarray studies are designed in principle to directly measure the activity of the genes involved in particular mechanism or system rather than their association with a particular biological or clinical feature [18]. Although genes may be thousand of base pairs long, it is only necessary to construct a probe of 25 bases that represent a unique complementary portion of the target gene. In other words, the short probe on the microarray measures the expression of the complete gene by sampling only a small section of the gene. In some instances, as little as one RNA molecule out of 100,000 different RNAs in an original sample may be detected [19]. Sensitivity is the ability to identify the rarely expressed transcripts in a complex background. Specification is the ability to discern between different family members. The hybridization efficiency of two nucleic acid strand depends on 1) Sequence-dependent factors for length, extent of complementarity, and overall base composition; 2) Sequence independent factors such as the concentration of the probe and target, time, temperature, cation concentration, valency character, pH, dielectric and chaotropic medica, surface characteristics of the solid, and density spacing of the probe molecules; and 3) Sample-dependent complex background signal, which are probes interacting with the wrong complementary sequence [20]. Fig 1.1 GeneChip probe microarray cartridge (Image courtesy of Affmetrix) 3.3 Microarray for SNPs Small difference in a DNA sequence can have major impact on health. Deletions, insertions, and other mutations of as little as a single base pair may result in signification disease. Identification these mutations require determining the exact sequence for thousand of SNPs distributed throughout the genome. Using microarray, it is possible to scan the whole genome and look for genetic similarities among a group of people who share the same disease. Using microarray to genotype 10,000 to 100,000 SNPs, it is possible to identify the gene or group of genes that contribute to disease. For example, if a large group of people with a given diagnosis have several SNPs in common, but not healthy people, then mutations may be looked for within those SNPs. A genotyping microarray may look for up to 100,000 SNPs or more [21]. 3.4 Fabrication DNA spotting may be accomplished by depositing PCR amplified ESTs (500-5000 base pairs), or by in suit synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotide sequences (20-50 base pairs) on the substrate. There are variety of spotting techniques that include mechanical and ink-jet style application. The GeneChip brand arrays provide high levels of reproducibility, sensitivity, and specification. The following process steps are used for fabrication of the GeneChip: 1) GeneChip probe array are manufactured through a combination of photolithography (Fig 1.2) and combinatorial chemistry. With a calculated minimum number of synthesis steps, GeneChip technology produce array with hundreds of thousands of different probes packed at an extremely high density. Small sample volumes are required for study. Manufacture is scalable because the length of the probe, not their number, determines the number of synthesis steps required. 2) Manufacturing begins with a 5-in square quartz wafer. Initially the quartz is washed to ensure uniform hydroxylation across its surface. Because quarts is naturally hydroxylated, it provides an excellent substrate for the attachment of chemical, such as linker molecules, that are later used to position the probes on the arrays. Fig 1.2 Photolithographic technique are used to locate and add nucleotides for fabrication of array of probe (Image courtesy of Affymetrix) 3) The wafer is placed in a bath of silane, which reacts with hydroxyl groups of quartz, and forms a matrix of covalently linked molecules. This distance between these silane determines the probes packing density, allowing array to hold over 500,000 probe location, or features, within a mere 1.28cm2. Each of these features harbors millions of identical DNA molecules. The silane film provides a uniform hydroxyl density to initiate probe assembly. Linker molecules, attached to the silane matrix, provide a surface that may be spatially activated by light (Fig 1.3). 4) Probe synthesis occurs in parallel, resulting in the addition of an A, C, T or G nucleotide to multiple growing chains simulataneously. To define which oligonucleotide chains will receive a nucleotide in each step, photolithographic masks, carrying 18 to 20 ÃŽÂ ¼m2 windows that corresponds to the dimensions of individual features, are placed over the coated wafer. The windows are distributed over the mask based on the desired sequence each. When the UV light is shone over the mask in the first step of synthesis, the exposed linkers become deprotected and are available for nucleotide coupling. critical to this step is the precise alignment of the mask with the wafer before each synthesis step. To ensure that this critical step is accurately completed, chrome marks on the wafer and on the mask are perfectly aligned. 5) Once the desired features have been activated, a solution containing a single type of deoxynucleotide with a removable protection group is flushed over the wafers surface. The nucleotide attaches to the activated linkers, initiating the synthesis process. 6) Although the process is highly efficient, some activated molecules fail to attach the new nucleotide. To prevent these outliers from becoming probes with missing nucleotides, a capping step is used to truncate them. In additional, the side chains of the nucleotides are protected to prevent the formation of branched oligonucleotides. Fig 1.3 GeneChip fabrication steps (Image courtesy Affmetrix). 7) In the next synthesis step, another mask is placed over the wafer to allow the next round of deprotection and coupling. The process is repeated until the probes reach their full length, usually 25 nucleotides. 8) Although each position in the sequence of an oligonucleotide can be occupied by one of four nucleotides, resulting in an apparent need for 24ÃÆ'-4, or 100, different masks per wafer, the synthesis process can be designed to significantly reduce this requirement. Algorithms that help minimize mask usage calculate how to best coordinate probe growth by adjusting synthesis rates of individual probes and identifying situations when the same mask can be multiple times. 9) Once the synthesis is completed, the wafer are deprotected and diced, and the resulting individual arrays are picked and packed in flowcell cartridges. Depending on the number of probe features per array, a single wafer can yield between 49 and 400 arrays. 10) The manufacturing process ends with a comprehensive series of quality control tests. Additional, a sampling of array from every wafer is used to test the batch by running control hybridizations. A quantitative test of hybridization is also performed using standardized control probes [22]. 3.5 Microarray Data Analysis Data filtration is performed by selecting threshold pixel intensity; and 2-, 5-, or 10- fold difference between the samples. Different genes with an identical profile may represent a coordinate response to a stimulus. Genes with opposite profiles may represent repression. To compare expression profiles it is necessary to define a set of metrics, or operations that return a value that is proportional in some way to the similarities or difference between two expression profiles. The most commonly used metrics are Euclidean distance and Pearson coefficient of correlation [23]. 3.5.1 Euclidean Distance Two or more profile of each of two genes are compared as a mathematical matrix operation of n-dimensional space, where n is the number of expression patterns available. The Euclidean distance is the square root of the summation of the difference between all pairs of corresponding values. For two genes the distance is as follows: Where d is the distance, e1 is the expression pattern of gene1, e2 is the expression pattern of gene 2, and i is the element of the expression profile: Gene1 (e11, e12, ., e1n) and gene1 (e21, e22, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.,e2n). 3.5.2 Pearson Correlation Coefficient The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) gives a value of from -1 to 1, and closer to 1 (negative and positive correlation, respectively). The closer two profiles have the same expression, the closer the value will be to 1: Where and Sen are the mean and typical deviation of all of the point of the nth profile, respectively. 4. Protein Microarray and Fabrication 4.1 Introduction Protein microarrays are becoming an important tool in proteomics, drug discovery programs, and diagnostics [24]. The amount of information obtained from small quantities of biological samples is significantly increased in the microarray format. This feature is extremely valuable in protein profiling, where samples are often limited in supply and unlike DNA, cannot be amplified [25]. Protein microarrays are more challenging to prepare than are DNA chips [26] because several technical hurdles hamper their application. The surfaces typically used with DNA are not easily adaptable to proteins, owing to the biophysical differences between the two classes of bioanalytes [27]. Arrayed protein must be immobilized in a native conformation to maintain their biological function. Unfortunately, proteins tend to unfold when immobilized onto a support so as to allow internal hydrophobic side chains to from hydrophobic bonds with the solid surface [28]. Surface chemistry, capture agents, and detect ion methods take on special significance in developing microarrays. Microarrays consist of microscopic target spots, planer substrates, rows and columns of elements, and probe molecules in solution. Each protein assessed by a microarray should be the same as the partial concentration of each protein in the biological extract [29]. The past ten years have witnessed a fascinating growth in the field of large-scale and high-throughput biology, resulting in a new era of technology development and the collection and analysis of information. The challenges ahead are to elucidate the function of every encoded gene and protein in an organism and to understand the basic cellular events mediating complex processes and those causing diseases [30-33]. Protein are more challenging to prepare for the microarray format than DNA, and protein functionality is often dependent on the state of proteins, such as post-translational modification, partnership with other proteins, protein subcellular locali zation, and reversible covalent modification (e.g. phosphorylation). Nonetheless, in recent years there have been considerable achievements in preparing microarray containing over 100 proteins and even an entire proteome [34-36]. Randox Laboratories Ltd. Launched Evidence, the first protein Biochip Array Technology analyzer in 2003. In protein Biochip Array Technology, the biochip replaces the ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) plate or cuvette as the reaction platform. The biochip is used to simultaneously analyze a panel of related tests in a single sample, producing a patient profile. The patient profile can be used in disease screening, diagnosis, monitoring disease progression or monitoring treatment (wiki Biochip). Protein expression profiling, protein-protein binding, drug interaction, protein folding, substrate specificity, enzymatic activity, and the interaction between protein and nucleic acids are among the application of protein microarrays. Abundance-based microarray, including capture microarray and reverse-phase protein blots, measure the abundance of specific biomolecules using well defined and high specific analyte-specific reagents (ASRs). Different classes of molecules can act as capture molecules in microarray assays, including antigen-antibody, protein -protein, aptamer-ligand, enzyme-substrate, and receptor-ligand [37]. 4.2 Spotting In situ synthesis of protein microarrays as done for DNA microarrays is impractical. Other forms of delivery-based technology must be incorporated. One-drop-at-a-time (microspotting) techniques including use of pins, quills or hollow needles that repeatedly touch the substrate surface depositing one spot after the next in an array format; shooting microdroplets from a ejector similar to ink-jet printing; and depositing charged submicron-sized droplets by electrospray deposition (ESD). Alternatively, parallel techniques such as microcontact printing (ÃŽÂ ¼CP), digital ESD, and photolithographic controlled protein adsorption can be used. Currently, micospotting by robotic techniques has greater use in the research setting, whereas parallel techniques offer cost saving for mass production for commercial use [38]. 4.3 Microcontact printing (ÃŽÂ ¼CP) In microcontact printing stamps are typically made from a silicon elastomer and used to make a microarray of spots with feature size from 0.01 to 0.1ÃŽÂ ¼m. Steps for stamping include the following [38]: 1) Activation of the stamp surface to increase hydrophilicity or to introduce grups for inking to target molecules such as antibodies, protein A, or streptavidin. 2) Direct adsorption of protein molecules or their binding to capture molecules over a period of 0.5-1 hours. 3) Rinsing. 4) Drying in a nitrogen stream for about a minute. 5) Pressing the stamp against a suitable substrate for about a minute to allow transfer of the semidry materials. Disadvantages include poor control of the amount of materials transferred, small amount of deposited materials, and possible changes in protein function. Microarrays containing up three different proteins were fabricated by ÃŽÂ ¼CP technique and tested as a detection system for specific antibodies [39]. Immunoassay were successfully performed using the patterned protein microarrays, and were characterized by fluorescence microscopy and scanning- probe microscopy. The characterization revealed the quality of the protein deposition and indicated a high degree of selectivity for the targeted antigen-antibody interaction. 4.3 Electrospray Deposition (ESD) The basic physics underlying the newly emerging technique of electrospray deposition (ESD) as applied to biological macromolecules. Fabrication of protein films and microarrays are considered as the most important applications of this technology. All the major stages in the ESD process (solution electrification, formation of a cloud of charged microdroplets, transformation of microdroplets into ions and charged clusters, deposition, and neutralization) are discussed to reveal the physical processes involved, such as space charge effects, dissipation of energy upon landing and neutralization mechanisms [40]. In electrospray deposition, protein is transferred from the glass capillary positioned 130-350 ÃŽÂ ¼m above a conducting surface. Micro-sized charged droplets move in an electric field created by the difference in electric field potential between the tip and the substrate surface and by the spatial charge of the droplet cloud. The electrostatic repulsion expands the cloud, and microdroplets are deposited as a round spot. The spot density is greater at the center [38]. Two new techniques were recently developed in these laboratories for fabrication of protein microarrays: electrospray deposition of dry proteins and covalent linking of proteins from dry deposits to a dextran-grafted surface. Here we apply these techniques to simultaneously fabricate 1200 identical microarrays. Each microarray, 0.6 ÃÆ'- 0.6 mm2 in size, consists of 28 different protein antigens and allergens deposited as spots, 30à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢40 ÃŽÂ ¼m in diameter. Electrospray deposition (ESD) of dry protein and covalent linking of proteins from dry deposits to a dextran-grafted surface has been studied from fabrication of microarrays. Electrospray (ES) deposition has been applied to fabricate protein microarrays for immunochemical assay. Protein antigens were deposited as arrays of dry spots on a surface of aluminized plastic. Deposition was performed from water solutions containing a 10-fold (w/w of dry protein) excess of sucrose. Upon contact with humid air, the spots tur n into microdroplets of sucrose/protein solution from which proteins were either adsorbed or covalently linked to clean or modified aluminum surfaces. It was found that covalent binding of antigens via aldehyde groups of oxidized branched dextran followed by reduction of the Schiff bonds gives the highest sensitivity and the lowest background in microarray-based ELISA, as compared to other tested methods of antigen immobilization [41]. Protein microarray with an antibody-based protein array for high-throughput immunoassay, with an ESD method using a quartz mask with holes made by an abrasive jet technique, has been performed. An antibody solution was electrosprayed onto an ITO glass, and then antibodies were deposited and cross-linked with a vapor of glutaraldehyde. The dimeters of the spots were approximately 150 ÃŽÂ ¼m. The arrays were then incubated with corresponding target antigenic molecules and washed. The captured antigens were collectively detected by fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The signals were quantitatively visualized with a high-resolution CCD [42]. 4.4 Surface immobilization In many proteomics applications, one is interested in the facile and covalent immobilization of protein molecules without the use of any special tag or chemical modification. This is most conveniently achieved via chemical reactivity towards the commonly available -NH2 groups on the surface of protein molecules. One of the most efficient leaving groups towards -NH2 is N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) attached via an ester bond. We have developed an NHS surface based on the zero background PEG coating. It allows for fast immobilization reactions with the remaining NHS groups easily washed off to expose the zero background PEG coating (Fig 1.4). In subsequent assays, the PEG functionality ensures that binding of particular molecules to the surface is only through the specific interaction with the immobilized protein molecule and the commonly seen background problem is solved without the need of a blocking step. Fig 1.4 NHS activated surfaces for the immobilization of proteins, peptides, antibodies (Image courtesy: ZeroBkg ® ) Peptide and protein microarrays fabricated on NHS/PEG/glass slides (Fig 1.5) Nanoliter droplets of peptide (21 amino-acids) or protein (fibrinogen) solution containing 10% glycerol are deposited on the glass slide with a robotic arrayer and incubated for 10 minutes. NHS-groups in remaining area are removed by a deactivating buffer for 30 minutes at room temperature. The immobilized peptide or protein on the surface is detected by incubation with the primary antibody specifically against the peptide or fibrinogen, followed by wash and incubation with cy3-conjugated secondary antibody. The glass slides are imaged on a laser scanner. The most important result is the exceptionally low background due to the PEG coating. While the NHS/PEG coated glass slides are ideal for protein, peptide, and antibody arrays, they are also useful as low background surfaces for other microarrays, such as oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, and other small molecules. The non-fouling property of the high densit y PEG coating becomes critically important when one uses such an array for the study of complex biological samples, such as plasma or serum. In order to detect molecules of low abundance, such as cancer biomarkers, one needs to minimize non-specific adsorption of other abundant biomolecules [43]. Fig 1.5 Fluorescence images of peptide (left) and protein (Fibrinogen, right) microarrays fabricated on NHS/PEG/glass slides and detected by immunostaining. The diameter of each spot is ~100 ÃŽÂ ¼m (Image courtesy: ZeroBkg ® ).   4.5 Self-assembling Protein Microarrays Molecular fabrication of SAMS depends on chemical complementarily and structural compatibility, both of which confer the weak and noncovalent interaction that bind building blocks together during self-assembly. Water-mediated hydrogen bonds are important for living system. In nature the assembly of peptide and proteins has yielded collagen, keratin, pearl, shell, coral and calcite microlenses, and optical waveguides [44]. The application of self-assembly techniques in the design of biocompatible protein microarray surfaces, immobilizing cells, and lipid layers, and spotting techniques has been reviewed by others [45-46]. 4.6 Detection Strategies Detection and readout of complex formation in each spot is performed with fluorescence, chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, radioactivity, or electrochemistry. Label-free methods include mass spectrometry and SPR. Labeled probe methods include use of a chromogen, fluorophor, or a radioactive isotope. Direct strategies use a labeled antibody to directly bind to the target molecule immobilized on the substrate. Amplification strategies based on avidin-biotin binding enhance sensitivity. Indirect strategies use an immobilized antibody for capturing labeled, specific molecules from the sample. Sandwich assay as noted earlier require two distinct antibodies foe detection of a capture molecule. The first antibody is immobilized on the substratum, and serves to capture the molecule of interest. A second labeled antibody then binds to the first complex allowing detection [47]. 5. Application of Microarray Ever since the first 1000 probe DNA microarray was reported over a decade ago [48], great strides have been made in both quantitative and qualitative applications. Today, a standard DNA chip contains up to 6.5 million spots and can encompass entire eukaryotic genomes. A plethora of alternative applications are continually reported, albeit at various stages of maturity. What was once seen solely as a transcript profiling technology has now emerged as a reliable format for genotyping, splice variant analysis, exon identification, ChIP-on-chip, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), resequencing, gene synthesis, RNA/RNAi synthesis and onchip translation [49]. Perhaps the most exciting recent developments from a drug discovery perspective come from the integration of diverse technological innovations into microarray-based solutions, especially for other classes of molecular entity. From small molecules (e.g. metabolites, nucleotides, amino acids, sugars) to oligomeric and polymeric der ivatives thereof, microarrays are now allowing us to examine the intra-class (e.g. protein-protein) and inter-class (e.g. protein: small molecule) interactions of these bio-system components on a systems-wide level. Yet, despite the appearance of a diversity of microarray types (e.g. Small Molecule Microarrays (SMMs) [51], Protein-Nucleic acid (PNA) microarrays [52], Glyco-chips [53], peptide chips [54], antibody chips [55], cell and tissue microarrays [56]), each differs in their relative contribution to the Voltaire challenge. Certainly the foremost of such opportunities are thos

History of Money Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

History of Money Let us consider a problem. You catch fish for your food supply, but you're tired of eating it every day. Instead you want to eat some bread. Fortunately, a baker lives next door. Trading the baker some fish for bread is an example of barter, the direct exchange of one good for another. However, barter is difficult when you try to obtain a good from a producer that doesn't want what you have. For example, how do you get shoes if the shoemaker doesn't like fish? The series of trades required to obtain shoes could be complicated and time consuming. Early societies faced these problems. The solution was money. Money is an item, or commodity, that is agreed to be accepted in trade. Over the years, people have used a wide variety of items for money, such as seashells, beads, tea, fish hooks, fur, cattle and even tobacco. There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their first appearance was probably among the Lydians, in Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. And whether these coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned. To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by money. The early Persians deposited their grain in state or church grainaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins. Ancient Egypt had a similar system...

Gangrene Essay

Gangrene is a condition that occurs when body tissue dies. However, in the book Whale Talk, Andy Mott states, â€Å"Gangrene †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (is) â€Å"†¦ rot. † (p. 134) Technically he is right. It is caused by a loss of blood supply due to an underlying illness, injury, and/or infection. Gangrene is probably one of the worse types of infections that can result in an amputation. Fingers, toes, and limbs are most often affected, but gangrene can also occur inside the body, damaging organs and muscles. There are different types of gangrene and all require immediate medical attention. Blood plays a very important role in your health. Not only does it transport oxygen and nutrients throughout your body to feed cells, it delivers disease-fighting antibodies that protect your body from infection. When blood cannot travel freely throughout the body, your cells cannot survive. Infection can develop and tissue can die from gangrene. So, Andy Mott’s blood in his leg could not travel freely. In the book Whale Talk Andy states, â€Å"My mom’s boyfriend (Rance Haskins)†¦ he’d tie my leg to the pipe under the kitchen sink†¦I’d been there almost twenty-four hours†¦ I guess I kept trying to get away†¦ and the knot just got tighter. † (p. 65) Any condition that affects blood flow increases your risk of gangrene, including: Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, Peripheral arterial disease, Trauma, or injury. Injuries that leave a portion of muscle tissue deprived of oxygen make a perfect home for infections. Some of the cells in a wound are already dead, and the infection starts in these. â€Å"Crush† injuries are most likely to cut off blood supply to a large amount of tissue, and are most prone to gangrene. The infection usually strikes the hands or legs, where blood supply is most easily cut off. In Andy Mott’s case gangrene affected his leg. He said, â€Å"†¦ my foot was discolored all the way to my calf†¦they had to whack†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (his leg)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ off before it snuck up and got something really important. † (p. 165) Surgery can also produce areas of died tissue. This is common in people who have preexisting vascular problems, or risk factors for heart disease. For example, high cholesterol can make blood more likely to clot. A person with high cholesterol is more likely to have more clotted blood vessels after surgery. The tissue that’s normally fed by those blood vessels can run out of oxygen, allowing bacteria to multiply and gangrene to start. Serious diseases that interfere with blood flow can cut off oxygen supplied to arms or legs, even when there’s no trauma or injury. For example, peripheral vascular disease in which blood flow to the legs is poor and can deprive a foot or leg of blood or oxygen and cause gangrene. People with diabetes are prone to gangrene in the feet. Diabetes-related infections are the most common reason for foot amputation. Severe frostbite (due to overexposure to the cold) can also lead to gangrene due to lack of blood flow to the tissues. Your arteries carry blood rich in oxygen and nutrients from your heart to the rest of your body. When the arteries in your legs become blocked, your legs do not receive enough blood or oxygen, and you may have a condition called peripheral artery disease, sometimes called leg artery disease. In severe peripheral artery disease, you may develop painful sores on your toes or feet. If the circulation in your leg does not improve, these ulcers can start as dry, gray, or black sores, and eventually become dead tissue resulting in gangrene. The presence of atherosclerotic disease (a disease in which arteries are stiff and hard, with fatty deposits blocking blood flow) is a major factor to gangrene, particularly in the toes, feet, and legs. Gangrene is caused by a loss of blood supply due to an underlying illness, injury, and/or infection, like: Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, Peripheral arterial disease, Trauma, or injury. This is why gangrene is probably one of the worse types of infections that can result in an amputation. But when you really think about it, it could be so much worse!

Using the Spanish Verb Llevar

Using the Spanish Verb Llevar The Spanish verb llevar used to mean primarily to carry a heavy burden. However, it has become one of the most flexible verbs in the language, used not only in discussing what a person carries, but also what a person wears, has, does, tolerates, or moves. As a result, it isnt always easy to tell what llevar means out of context. Llevar is conjugated regularly. Using Llevar as Meaning To Wear One of the most common uses of llevar is as the equivalent of to wear clothing or accessories. It can also refer to wearing or sporting a type of style. Normally, if a person is wearing a type of item of which he or she would wear or use only one at a time, the indefinite article (un or una, the equivalent of a or an) is not used. Often the definite article (el or la (the equivalent of the) can be used instead. If the identity of the item is important, such as if the sentence identifies the items color, an indefinite article is retained. No es necesario llevar el sombrero. (It isnt necessary to wear your hat.)Ha decidido llevar la barba. (He has decided to sport a beard.)No olvides taparte el cuello y lleva camisa de manga larga. (Dont forget to cover up your neck and wear a long-sleeved shirt.)No sabemos cà ³mo vamos a llevar el pelo. (We dont know how we are going to wear our hair.) Other Uses for Llevar Here are examples of llevar in use with meanings other than to wear, along with possible translations. Each item in the list shows the expression using llevar, a common meaning and examples in Spanish with a translation to English: llevar (algo) - to carry (something) - No puedo llevar nada ms. (I cant carry anything else.)llevar (algo) - to take or move (something) - Voy a llevar los platos al sà ³tano. (Im going to take the dishes to the basement.)llevar (algo) - to tolerate, cope or deal with (something) - (Lleva muy bien las derrotas.  (He puts up with defeat very well.)llevar (algo or a alguien) - to transport (something or someone) - Pedro nos llevà ³ al aeropuerto.  (Pedro took us to the airport.)llevar (ingrediente) - to have or include (an ingredient) - A mi madre le gusta todo lo que lleva chocolate. (My mother likes anything with chocolate in it.)llevar (un vehà ­culo) - to drive (a vehicle) - Llevà ³ el coche a Madrid. (She drove the car to Madrid.)llevar (una organizacià ³n o una empresa) - to direct, run or lead (an organization or business) - Ingrid lleva la tienda de artesanà ­a. (Ingrid runs the artists store.)llevar (un nombre) - to bear (a name) - Una calle de Candel aria lleva el nombre de Josà © Rodrà ­guez Ramà ­rez. (A Candelaria street bears the name of Josà © Rodrà ­guez Ramà ­rez.) llevar (tiempo) - to last (time) - Llevo meses diciendo que hay metodologias alternativas. (Ive been saying for months there are other ways.) Llevo tres dà ­as sin dormir. (Ive gone three days without sleeping.)llevar (dinero) - to charge (money) - El revendedor me llevà ³ mucho dinero por los boletos. (The scalper charged me a lot of money for the tickets.) Using Llevarse Llevarse, the reflexive form of llevar, also has a variety of meanings: llevarse - to get along with or be suitable for  - Nos llevamos bien. (We get along well together.) No se lleva bien con su madre. (He doesnt get along well with his mother.) Este aà ±o se lleva bien los pantalones cortos. (Short pants are in style this year.)llevarse (algo) - to take (something) - Llà ©vatelo. (Take it with you.) Quisiera llevarme la flor. (Id like to take the flower with me.)llevarse (algo) - to receive or win (something) - Se llevà ³ el premio Nobel. (She won the Nobel Prize.) Idioms Using Llevar Here are examples of idiomatic phrases using llevar: dejarse llevar - to be carried along, to go with the flow - Optà © por lo que sentà  en el momento y me dejà © llevar por la incertidumbre. (I chose according to what I felt at the moment and let myself be carried along with the uncertainty.)llevar a (algo) - to lead to (something) - La mediacià ³n papal llevà ³ a la paz entre Argentina y Chile. (The popes mediation led to peace between Argentina and Chile.) Me llevà ³ a creer que es inteligente. (She led me to believe she is intelligent.)llevar a cabo - to accomplish, to perform - Alrededor de 400 personas llevaron a cabo la Marcha por La Dignidad. (About 400 people demonstrated in the March for Dignity.)llevar a cenar - to take out to dinner - Lo mejor es que nos llevà ³ a cenar en la ciudad vieja. (The best thing is that she took us to dinner in the old city.)llevar cuenta - to keep account -  ¿Quià ©n lleva cuenta del resultado? Whos keeping track of the score?llevar encima - to have on ones person - En ese momento me di cuenta de que no llevaba dinero encima. (At that moment I realized that I didnt have any money on me.) para llevar - to go (as in takeout food) - Quisiera dos hamburguesas para llevar. (Id like two hamburgers to go.)

Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Example

Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Example Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Today s society is extremely witting of age difference. There are certain rights and limitations which determine what persons are allowed to make at different ages. For illustration, society defines the ages at which we can get down school, thrust, have sex, ballot, marry, purchase a house, retire, acquire a pension, travel by coach for free etc. Furthermore, we all have sentiments, based on the thought of age difference, about what behaviours are appropriate at certain ages. These are called age norms . They have a profound influence on our opinion and behavior. Society is continuously doing opinions or distinguishing about what is deemed appropriate behavior at a given age. Our mundane societal judgements are often age based, even if we consciously deny it ( J.Macnicol, 2006 pp.3 ) Age distinction is non needfully discriminatory in a negative sense. Differential intervention may be based on existent grounds of age-related differences which would warrant it for illustration, statute law to protect vulnerable kids. This research paper aims to look at what age favoritism is, what constitutes to age favoritism, the Torahs around age favoritism ( chiefly in the United Kingdom ) , Consequences for those affected by agism, how agism comes approximately and how it can be avoided. While some signifiers of favoritism such as racism and sexism have received widespread and in-depth attending, issues of age favoritism continue to have a comparatively low profile. ( Thompson, S. 2005 ) . Ageism is a term that is usually associated with older people nevertheless agism refers to unjust favoritism on the evidences of age so in rule agism can happen at any age ( Thompson, N. ( 2005 ) The demand to turn to age favoritism has been recognised for rather some clip and, in several states, policies to help older workers day of the month back to the 1920s and earlier. Legislation against age favoritism, nevertheless, is more recent and has been in operation longest in the United States ( US ) , where it was introduced some 30 old ages ago. It is interesting to observe that, while the job of age favoritism has been acknowledged for some clip, merely a few states have introduced statute law to forbid such behavior. Even in these states, the debut of this statute law came some old ages after the debut of statute law forbiding gender and race Introduction and drumhead findings vivii favoritism. This was the instance in the US, Australia and the Republic of Ireland. Discrimination in employment By far the largest figure of studies received concerned employment although they found grounds of favoritism in all these countries. They besides invited studies from older people of their daily experience of age favoritism. Peoples reported being: refused redundancy payments denied the same chances as younger people bullied by co-workers forced to retire before they were ready rejected for employment on the footing of their age compelled to take lower-paid, short-run, impermanent or voluntary occupations Discrimination in employment There are many studies of age favoritism in employment. This may be because there is frequently an expressed age saloon which is non the same in other countries wellness attention, for illustration where favoritism can be more elusive or concealed, and may travel unrecognized by its victims. Age favoritism can hold a really negative impact on mental wellness. Older people reported to Help the Aged cases of depression, defeat, experiencing devalued or rejected, lost assurance, belittling and humiliation, every bit good being excluded and exploited. You will be sing other facets of age favoritism subsequently in this acquisition object but next you can research what underlies negative favoritism the wider construct of agism. Direct and indirect favoritism You have looked at some staff attitudes and related behaviors. Like agism, age favoritism in wellness and societal attention can besides ensue from institutionalized policies and patterns. It may take direct or indirect signifiers ( Levenson, 2003 ; Roberts, Robinson and Seymour, 2002 ) . Direct age favoritism This occurs when people are treated otherwise or denied services because of their chronological age ( e.g. age-related standards for intensive attention beds ) . Indirect age favoritism This happens where a service or pattern has no expressed age prejudice, but there is still a disproportional impact on a peculiar age group who are thereby disadvantaged. ( e.g. hard physical entree to edifices, or clinics held in topographic points ill served by conveyance: factors which can adversely impact everyone, but peculiarly older people ) Age favoritism consequences from agism which is a signifier of bias. Age favoritism can be direct, which occurs when a individual is treated less favorably because of their age. But favoritism can besides happen indirectly, that is, when attention is offered in such a manner that older people are disadvantaged because they are disproportionately affected. Discrimination occurs at many degrees, from the system-wide ( see Box ) to the person. It is deserving emphasizing that favoritism is non needfully unjust, so, positive favoritism is a good established mechanism for turn toing inequalities in wellness. For illustration, people over 60 are entitled to free prescriptions and eyesight trials and the procedure of apportioning resources for wellness and societal attention is weighted by the proportion of older people resident in the local population. It is believed that with age comes wisdom, cognition and life experience. Bing a immature societal work pupil myself and holding personally faced age favoritism led me to derive an involvement and passion for this subject. Since get downing my societal work grade I have been funny as to whether my experiences were isolated or if this is an reoccurring and familiar issue with other immature societal workers and societal work. . When one thinks of favoritism within Social Work it is more frequently thought of the services users being the 1s discriminated against, but as the coevalss move on and there is more of an upspring of immature freshly qualified societal workers, one wonders what sort of inequalities do they face as opposed to the older societal worker? This survey forms the thesis portion of a BA in societal work being undertaken at UEL by the research worker named above. It aims to set up whether or non immature societal workers ( 18-25years ) face age favoritism and if so what may impute to this and what can be done to forestall them being discriminated against. The purpose is to inform the university pedagogues and professionals working in the societal work and wellness and societal attention country. What is a Social Worker? When finding the function of a 1 would sort them as being professionals that work with persons and households potentially seeking to better their lives. Some of this persons may be vulnerable and need aid or protection from things such as injury or maltreatment. This may be assisting to protect vulnerable people from injury or maltreatment or back uping people to populate independently. Social workers are trained and qualified with a Degree in Social Work, or a Diploma of Social Work ( which now no longer exists, holding been replaced by the grade ) . Social workers support people, act as advocators and direct people to the services they may necessitate. Social workers frequently work in multi-disciplinary squads alongside wellness and instruction professionals.A They have to be registered ( with the General Social Care Council ( England ) ; the Care Council for Wales ; the Northern Ireland Social Care Council or Scottish Social Services Council ) and adhere to a professional codification of pattern. Those societal workers who do non adhere to the codifications of pattern face a behavior hearing and could be struck off the registry and non allowed to pattern as a societal worker. This ensures that people utilizing societal work services or service users as they are besides known can hold faith in the professionals entrusted to work with them. Social workers work with a assortment of people including: vulnerable older people kids with disablements adolescents with mental wellness jobs immature wrongdoers grownups with larning disablements people with intoxicant or other dependences refugees and refuge searchers people who are socially excluded Social workers normally have a caseload a figure of instances of individuals/families who they work with at any one clip. Their work, entails visits to service users, appraisals, organizing bundles of support, doing recommendations or referrals to other services and bureaus, maintaining elaborate records and take parting in multi-disciplinary squad meetings. Valuess of a NQSW and more experience SW difference of values of School departer as opposed to one in the profession already. pupils which could hold earnestly impacted on my calling patterned advance. IThe justification to as to why I choose to look into age favoritism for immature societal workers Young societal workers that has faced age favoritism antecedently and I am interested to look into this subject farther as I want to cognize if this a familiar issue with other immature societal workers. What is Age Discrimination? What is Life Experience? Background Ageism and Age Discrimination 4.1 Ageism 4.1.1 Ageism is chiefly an attitude of head which may take to age favoritism. Age favoritism, on the other manus, is a behavioral procedure with results that may be measured, assessed and compared. 4.1.2 aˆÂ ¦ageism is used to depict stereotypes and biass held about older people on the evidences of their age. Age favoritism is used to depict behavior where older people are treated unevenly ( straight or indirectly ) on evidences of their age. ( Ray, Sharp and Abrams, 2006 ) 4.1.3 The first recorded usage of the term agism was in an article in 1969 by Robert Butler. ( Butler, 1969 ) 4.1.4 Ageism is a set of beliefs aˆÂ ¦ associating to the ageing procedure. Ageism generates and reinforces a fright and belittling of the ageing procedure, and pigeonholing givens sing competency and the demand for protection. In peculiar, agism legitimates the usage of chronological age to tag out categories of people who are consistently denied resources and chances that others enjoy, and who suffer the effects of such belittling, runing from wellaˆ?meaning backing to unambiguous smear . ( Bytheway, 1995 aˆ? citing Bytheway and Johnson, 1990 ) 4.1.5 Some authors consider age favoritism to be a aspect of agism itself. ( Ray, Sharp and Abrams, 2006 ) Ageism may be seen as holding an affectional constituent ( feelings ) , a cognitive constituent ( beliefs and stereotypes ) and a behavioral constituent ( favoritism ) . ( Nelson, 2002 ; Palmore, Branch and Harris, 2005 ) Ageism may be positive or negative. ( Reed et Al, 2006 ) 4.1.6 Ageism is broader than age favoritism. It refers to deeply frozen negative beliefs about older people and the ripening procedure, which may so give rise to age favoritism. ( McGlone and Fitzgerald, 2005 ) 4.1.7 Ageism may besides be used to mention to any determination devising on the footing of age. Tsuchya, analyzing public attitudes to favoritism on the footing of age in wellness service determination devising, identifies Ageism, as an attitude of head, can be measured utilizing psychometric trials, most notably the Aging Semantic Differential ( Rosencranz and McNevin, 1969 ) and the Fraboni Scale of Ageism ( Fraboni, Saltstone and Hughes, 1990 ) . Measures of this type by and large find that agism gets less as people get older and that work forces are more ageist than adult females. ( Rupp, Vodanovich and Crede , 2005 ) Ageism is a signifier of oppressiom which consequences from persons being discriminated against strictly on the evidences of their age. 4.2 Age Discrimination 4.2.1 Age favoritism is an indefensible difference in intervention based entirely on age. The significance of age is by and large understood although, within statute law, different age scopes may use in different legal powers. 4.2.2 In definitions of favoritism within statute law, a figure of states distinguish direct and indirect favoritism 4.2.2.1 Direct age favoritism occurs when a direct difference in intervention based on age can non be justified. A direct difference in intervention is a state of affairs in which a individual is, was or could be treated in a less favorable mode than another individual in a comparable state of affairs based on his/her age. 4.2.2.2 Indirect favoritism occurs when a apparently impersonal proviso, step or pattern has harmful reverberations on a individual. ( Belgium aˆ? Discrimination Act of February 25, 2003 ; Ireland aˆ? Equal Status Act 2000aˆ?2004 ) It besides shows how this signifier of favoritism goes mostly unnoticed and has become part of the wallpaper , even to the extent that those who are discriminated against are either unaware of the favoritism, or recognize it but experience themselves undeserving of anything better. The capableness attack ( Sen 1985 ; Sen 1993 ; Sen 1999 ) , focuses on guaranting that people have the same substantial freedoms, that is, the capableness to accomplish the same results should they take to make so. In this manner, equality of capableness requires history and compensation for all factors on the above list, apart from penchants and attempt. In side6 stepping many of the jobs and issues with the equality rules summarised above, the capableness attack has gained important policy entreaty ( Burchardt, 2006 ) . Methodology Data Collection: Limitations- the research worker Datas Analysis: Self-administered in-depth questionnaire were the chosen method for the aggregation of informations as opposed to an in-depth interview. This was partially due to the fact that it was ; a ) cheaper to administrate travel costs b ) It was less clip devouring as it was quicker to administrate. Fought against geographically issues- convenience for both the research worker and the participant can reply when they want, and at the yesteryear that they want. By utilizing a qualitative attack to the research one aimed to garner a greater apprehension of age favoritism for younger Social Workers and supply significances as to what it is, why it may happen and the future effects. One will seek to non generalize the replies provided within my analysis It was felt that a aggregation of primary informations via questionnaires was best suited for the research as it Describe and warrant my research methods- brand mention to literature in the field where possible Describe how and when research was carried out Describe the context and topics of the research Describe how information was organised and analysed Discuss any methodological ( practical issues ) issues I developed my subject around immature Social Workers into a research inquiry I used: It will necessitate a batch of cross-referencing and categorising ( Miles and Huberman -121 ) self-completion questionnaires aimed to acquire in-deptwith closed to acquire a better penetration replies started single sentiments allowed me to analyze whether at that place running subjects more dependable if people added their ain sentiments. unfastened inquiries the ground I used self-completion questionnaire over structured interview first manus informations analysis web log forum sample size pupils /professionals Purposeful sampling of the participants was used in an effort to set up a good correspondence between the research inquiry and the trying fundamentally the participants involved were specific and relevant to the research inquiry. In order to protect the participants confidentiality and the information provided, one will take safeguards such as ( Data Protection Act 1998, pp.119 ) ; non maintaining informations for longer than it required for, maintain all informations and other information secure, protect participant individuality by altering names/locations etc .. ( Holmes, 2004pp.120 ) Sampling technique Questions made them open .easy to read and simple Decided against carry oning interviews as I waned to roll up informations in a more convenient and un-obstructive manner ( Burnet. J pp.9 ) As empirical informations on its ain is non plenty ( Burnet. J pp62 ) , one had to look to theoretical models to research and possible justify the inquiries and replies. Narrative research or action research- based around the two Qualitative method of research was used as one aimed to research a deeper apprehension around the significances, feelings, attitudes perceptual experiences and apprehensions around age favoritism within Younger Social Workers. The How I am traveling to analyze the informations What I am looking for running subjects Finally the ascertained consequences are traveling to be compared to the information found from my literature reappraisal and pp.198 A three-step cryptography procedure will be taken to analyze the informations 1 ) measure one-open cryptography ; this will affect an initial running through of the collected information. 2 ) Measure two, Axial cryptography ; this involves set uping all of the coded sections in relation to one another. 3 ) Step three, Selective cryptography ; this will affect revisiting and reexamining the information and placing the most relevant pieces for farther work. This survey forms the thesis portion of a BA in societal work being undertaken at UEL by the research worker named above. It aims to set up whether or non immature societal workers ( 18-25years ) face age favoritism and if so what may impute to this and what can be done to forestall them being discriminated against. The purpose is to inform the university pedagogues and professionals working in the societal work and wellness and societal attention country. Restrictions: One was non able to roll up a huge sum of soft informations in footings of ocular sounds this would hold been peculiarly effectual when pp121. The gender of the participants was non justified this may hold opened up different avenues in footings of analysis. The demographic information of the participants was non included ; this could hold impacted on the analysis of the research nevertheless this was done to maximize confidentiality and protect the participants. Restrictions to my informations aggregation: There was a greater hazard to losing informations via partially/unanswered inquiries due to a deficiency of supervising or suggestion. Bryan, 2008 explores an interesting point around participants happening it easier to actively to make up ones mind to non reply peculiar inquiries when on their ain due to a deficiency of relevancy to them or merely because they feel that the inquiry is deadening. Literature Review The Laws Around Age Discrimination: Since 1st October 2006, it has been improper for employers and others to know apart against a individual on the footing of his/her age unlike in the US, where ordinances give protection to older workers, the UK regulations apply to all age groups. The UK regulations were originally implemented by The Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations 2006, but have been incorporated into the Equality Act 2010. The Equality ActA 2010 the bulk in force 1 October 2010 This Act repeals the Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations 2006 every bit good as several other major pieces of favoritism statute law. It harmonises favoritism jurisprudence in England, Wales and Scotland ( note, non Northern Ireland ) . The Act is being implemented in phases and the bulk of it is in force as of 1 October 2010. The Act may besides widen the prohibition on age favoritism to the proviso of goods and services. As of September 2010, the Coalition is still sing whether to implement this facets of the Equality Act 2010. Click on this nexus for theA Equality Act 2010. What Constitutes Ageism? Effectss of Ageism: It is believed that when one is oppressed against due to their age it can potentially impede their self-pride. Social Constructionism: This is an attack, which challenges the impression that societal definitions and functions are fixed and natural invariables Burr ( 1995 ) It focuses on how we imbue constructs with intending harmonizing to how we understand the universe around us, and that these significances are merely specific to a peculiar cultural or historic context. Pp.6-7 Types of Discrimination: The Age ordinances adopt similar definitions to those applied in most other strands of anti-discrimination jurisprudence. There are four types of favoritism: Direct DiscriminationA where an employer, on the evidences of a individual s age ( or evident age ) , treats him/her less favorably than others are or would be treated. So a refusal to interview anyone over the age of 50 would about surely represent direct favoritism. There is a possible defense mechanism in that it is possible to handle some less favorably than others if the intervention is a proportionate agencies of accomplishing a legitimate purpose this is the alleged objective justification trial which does non look in sex, race and sexual orientation favoritism where a much narrower genuine occupational demand justification operates Indirect DiscriminationA this applies where an employer imposes or operates ( and can non objectively warrant ) a proviso, standard or pattern which puts people of a peculiar age or age group at a disadvantage. For a individual to successfully claim, they must hold really been put to a disadvantage. So a demand for, say, 10 old ages gross revenues experience would put those below the age of around 28 at a disadvantage. So unless that length of experience can be objectively justified, indirect favoritism will hold occurred. HarassmentA this is defined as behavior by one or more individuals which, on the evidences of age, has the intent or consequence of go againsting person s self-respect and/or of making an intimidating, hostile, degrading, mortifying or violative environment. Such behavior might be name-calling, unwanted violative gags, verbal maltreatment and/or disregarding. There can be no objective justification of torment and it is basically the perceptual experience of the victim that counts. The lone possible defense mechanism is that the alleged victim is being oversensitive and the behavior complained of was accidental and could non moderately be taken as violative. Note that bullying , as such is non a class of favoritism, but strong-arming behavior, if based on age, could surely be regarded as torment. VictimisationA this is less favorable intervention of person, non specifically due to their age, ( which would amount to direct favoritism ) , but because they have done one or more of four alleged protected Acts of the Apostless : brought proceedings under the Age favoritism Regulations ; given grounds or information in connexion with proceedings brought be person else ; made allegations that the Regulations have or may hold been contravened ; or done anything else under or by mention to the Regulations. The Positions of Younger Social Workers Social Work The Change from Diploma to Degree: In September 2004, a three-year societal work grade was put in topographic point in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Scots governmentA introduced a four twelvemonth grade. The degree programmes replaced the biennial Diploma in Social Work with the purpose of raising criterions of pattern in societal work and hiking the profession. Peoples desiring to set about the societal work degree necessitate to demo that they have an apprehension of societal work and will necessitate some experience of societal work or societal attention prior to analyzing. This experience can be achieved through paid-for work, work arrangements or scenes, life experience ( some people may hold been a full-time carer to a friend or relation at place see subdivision on carers, in our FAQ s, below, which has given them an penetration into societal work ) or volunteering. It is besides possible to analyze while you work ( see subdivision on parttime perusal ) . On the degree class, you will larn about the function of societal work and the assortment of statute law which is applicable to societal work, moralss and values. There is a large accent on practical acquisition and a 200-day arrangement is portion of the class in order for you to set your theoretical acquisition into pattern. Social workers need accomplishments in problem-solving, communicating, working with others and forbearance. On the class you will larn about jurisprudence, partnership working, appraisal, intercession, mental wellness and disablement issues. The entry demand for each class differs, so you need to research what the minimal demand for the class is at each higher instruction establishment and in each UK state. As a regulation of pollex in England you will necessitate 5 GCSE s class A* to C, including English and Maths, and 2 A-levels, but the demand can be higher in other parts of the UK. In Scotland, the minimal entry standards for the grade tends to be 4 Highers and in Northern Ireland, 3 B-Grade A-levels or higher. Who is attracted to Social Work: New figures show a pronounced upturn in pupils fall ining societal work grade classs in Scotland, harmonizing to the Scottish Social Services Council. Early indicants suggest an 8 % addition in admittances in 2009/10 compared with the old twelvemonth, conveying this twelvemonth s entire consumption up to 700 pupils. A lifting tendency of admittances appears to hold been accompanied by increasing Numberss of younger appliers to societal work grades. Following a determination to raise the age barrier which prevented school departers from using, the proportion of appliers in the 16-24 age group swelled from 31 % in 2006/7 to 41 % in 2008/9. Numbers of handicapped appliers are besides increasing, the SSSC says. It is promoting to see more people taking societal work as a calling, says Anna Fowlie, SSSC main executive. We have a committedness to widening the engagement of people in societal work amongst under-represented groups so that the work force more accurately reflects the diverseness of our communities. Recent research by the SSSC and the Association of Directors of Social Work showed that public perceptual experiences of societal work were bettering. It found that 47 % of respondents viewed societal work positively, compared with 38 % the old twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.basw.co.uk/news/rise-in-social-work-undergraduates-in-scotland/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gscc.org.uk/cmsFiles/Publications/GSCC_Variations_In_The_Progression_Of_SW_Progression_Analysis_09.pdf Unsurprisingly, pupils age is one of the few demographic features that perceptibly changed since the debut of the new grade. This is chiefly attributed to the remotion of the minimal age demand at which pupils were expected to measure up as a societal worker. In the yesteryear, merely one or two per cent of pupils started DipSW programmes before the age of 20 whereas the proportion of pupils in this age group has risen steadily to 14 % ; this is reflected in the decrease in the average age of pupils get downing societal work programmes from 33.6 old ages ( SD 8.5 ) to 30.7 old ages ( SD 9.2 ) . Among new degree pupils, UG and PG pupils have an about indistinguishable average age ( 30.8 for UG pupils vs. 30.1 old ages for PG pupils ) . As can be seen from Chart 3b, pupils making the Social Work Degree tended to be mature, with more than half ( 52 % ) over 30 old ages old. Although the average age of undergraduates and graduate students were similar ( both 32 old ages old ) , the undergraduate grade class consists of a wider scope of ages, immature and old. A fifth ( 19 % ) of undergraduates in our sample were aged 20 or at a lower place, as would be expected no graduate students were under 21. Postgraduate pupils ( 47 % ) were more likely to be in their late 20s than undergraduate pupils ( 28 % ) . Chart 3b Age profile of first twelvemonth societal work pupils hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/19140054/00554/Q/Zoom/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2008/11/11/41747/The-Diploma-in-Social-Work-DipSW.htm What are the admittance demands? Mature pupils who are over 21 bashs non ever necessitate formal academic makings, but the choice panels for the DipSW classs will anticipate you to demo your ability to analyze at higher instruction degree, likely by grounds of recent survey or a written trial. It is suggested that you do a part-time or flushing class such as an A Level, advanced GNVQ/GSVQ or NVQ/SVQ Level 3 in attention, the Open University Foundation faculty or an Entree to Social Work class to better your accomplishments and assurance before you apply. Your local farther instruction college will rede you about possibilities. If you have a grade or keep a making which is considered to be tantamount to a grade, you will be eligible to use for a postgraduate class. All graduate student classs require six to 12 months experience in a societal work or societal attention puting. For precise demands, it is ever best to reach the university you are interested in using to, as the standards vary well from topographic point to topographic point. If you are under 21 on the day of the month a DipSW class starts, you must keep either: 2 A Levels and 3 GCSEs ; or 5 base on ballss for the Scots Certificate in Education including 3 at Higher Degree ; or any other educational, professional or vocational makings ( e.g. NVQ/SVQ Level 3, GNVQ/GSVQ Level 3 ) considered by the GSCC to be tantamount. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/04/03/111200/Universities-and-employers-use-new-tactics-to-attract-more-people-to-social-care-related.htm Between 1995 and 2003 there was a dip in the figure of people analyzing the old societal work sheepskin. After the societal work grade was launched in 2003 this reversed, but since 2005 the figure of pupils analyzing societal work has fallen once more and now merely 5,000 are on GSCC-approved societal work grade classs in England. hypertext transfer protocol: //swoty.wordpress.com/2010/06/27/the-workforce-crisis-in-social-work-and-its-meaning-for-the-w-a-community/ Age favoritism in wellness and societal attention Unlike employment, there are no Torahs to protect people against age favoritism in wellness and societal attention services. You may experience that you have received hapless quality intervention because of your age, for illustration possibly your GP will non mention you to a adviser. If you are unhappy with your intervention, you should kick to the service concerned. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.informationnow.org.uk/resources/articles/451 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.equalities.gov.uk/pdf/110301 % 20Consultation % 20doc.pdf The position from the British Association of Social Workers Fran McDonnell, societal attention work force development adviser and chair of BASW s acquisition and development commission, writes: Personally, as person who became a trainee at 18 and went on my CQSW class at 20, measure uping at 22, I do nt hold a job with younger people going trainees or pupils on societal work classs. I think what matters is a thorough choice procedure to guarantee appliers are suited and that they have shown involvement and aptitude in working with others: such as whether they have done some voluntary work. It could be damaging to enrolling high quality practicians if there was no calling pathway straight into societal work from school, farther instruction or higher instruction as in instruction and nursing etc. I think it is more of import to hold good pattern instructors and appropriate arrangements and that universities filter out pupils who are non fit to pattern. Appropriate support should enable this to go on. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/06/02/111697/carespace-debate-hots-up-over-age-of-social-workers.htm Social workers are besides younger than in the yesteryear, with the proportion under the age of 24 holding doubled in the last five old ages ( 20 % in 2003/04 compared to 39 % in 2007/08 ) . The minimal age, antecedently set at 22, has now been abolished. Social workers in England are now required to hold a Bachelor s grade, but concerns remain about the degree of experience and preparation among those set abouting ambitious work with kids and households. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nuffieldfoundation.org/news/should-social-workers-be-expected- % E2 % 80 % 98do-it-all % E2 % 80 % 99 However, one of the effects of the new grade ( Evaluation of Social Work Degree Qualification in England Team, 2008 ) is an addition in younger alumnuss. This means that we would anticipate to see a somewhat younger age profile among societal workers from informations collected in 2009 when compared with 2006. hypertext transfer protocols: //media.education.gov.uk/MediaFiles/A/8/B/ % 7BA8B62CDE-EF76-4379-9BB5-604DD3F46317 % 7DSWTF % 20Workload % 20Survey % 20 ( concluding ) .pdf pupils are allowed to inscribe one time they are over the age of 18, and this has resulted in a rise in the proportion of pupils aged 18-20 from fewer than 1 % in 2001-2002 to 14 % in 2005-2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B6WNX-4XKXRJN-1 A ; _user=132444 A ; _coverDate=07 % 2F31 % 2F2010 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=gateway A ; _origin=gateway A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _searchStrId=1706792304 A ; _rerunOrigin=google A ; _acct=C000011018 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=132444 A ; md5=7538ded29004839e49cc238d1e6b3d94 A ; searchtype=a .2. There are a scope of entry paths to societal work preparation which allow for mature entrants, re-entrants and those sing a calling alteration. The GSCC s analysis of the composing of the consumption on societal work programmes for 2007-2008 indicates that 24 % of pupils study at Master s degree, 64 % at degree degree. A farther 12 % are sponsored on employment based paths and/or part-time.[ [ ]3 ] Mature pupils continue to do up the bulk of the consumption with pupils over the age of 25 accounting for 61 % of entire consumption. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmchilsch/memo/trainingsocwor/ucm1302.htm The new societal work grade introduced in 2003, which entitles alumnuss to professional enrollment leting them to pattern in the UK, is assisting to alter the traditional profile of a freshly qualified societal worker. Walker says: Social work has attracted late entrants, and while life experience can assist it, is non a requirement to going a societal worker. Because of the degree societal workers are acquiring younger and I think we need a balance of entrants coming into the profession. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2007/nov/22/publicsectorcareers.socialcare As an applier for societal work preparation, you need to be prepared to examine, challenge and alter your ain attitudes and biass. You may go involved with the behaviors of persons and households whose ways of populating their lives are really different to yours, and you may even be required to utilize statute law to protect grownups and kids who are vulnerable or at hazard. Datas from the Social Care Register besides reveals that two per cent of registered societal workers are under 24 ; 16 per cent are aged 25-34 ; 25 per cent are 35-44 ; 33 per cent are 45-54 ; and 24 per cent are over 55. despite common consciousness that the aging work force represents a challenge that companies will hold to get the better of ( Armone, 2006 ) , the bulk of companies surveyed ( Armone, 2006 ; Schramm, 2006 ) have yet to take proactive stairss to restrict the negative effects that the aging work force may hold for the future growing of their companies. Give the research which suggests that age is frequently positively associated with public presentation ( e.g. , Arvey, Miller, Gould A ; Burch, 1987 ; Avolio, Waldman, A ; McDaniel, 1990 ; Bass A ; Turner, 1973 ; Cleveland A ; Shore, 1992 ; Nelson, 2002 ) , o Evidence Analysis of informations Include ommisions Dissertation Conclusion Age favoritism is more frequently covert and elusive and is inexplicit in a general deficiency of precedence for older people s services. Discrimination is sometimes hard to divide from other issues around, gender, poorness, ethnicity and the manner in which people with disablements and long term unwellness are treated. when work is designed to advance concerted mutuality, people are more likely to go relationally-focused ( Brickson, 2000 ) , thereby developing personalized apprehensions of one another instead than trusting on the sorts of stereotypes that can trip agism and other prejudiced behaviour. The decision states what you have discovered and what you have concluded from it. You should non be showing new thoughts or new beginnings in the decision. Last Page: Evidence | Next Page: Recommendations The decision summarises the consequences of a thesis and contains the concluding tax write-offs you have made from your research. Your thesis decision should incorporate a concise and clear description of the consequences of the conducted research. The decision should be written after the chief organic structure of the paper has been finished, and the thesis inquiry has been dealt with wholly by you, the author. It does non incorporate any extra or new information or stuff it is a sum-up of what you have found and the chief points you have made. Writing is a alone occupation, unless you re a drinker, in which instance you ever have a friend within range . ( Emilio Estevez ) Writing your thesis decision The chief chapters of your thesis will hold focused on peculiar subjects or issues. For illustration, each chapter may hold focused treatment on a peculiar text. Alternatively, you may hold structured your work so that each chapter is devoted to treatment of a peculiar facet of your overall subject. The decision offers the chance to reexamine your work as a whole, to place the points of comparing and contrast the assorted texts you have examined, and to demo that, in the procedure of your survey, you have developed a more precise, critical apprehension of the manner they deal with your subject. This is besides an appropriate topographic point for you to indicate to the restrictions of small-scale research of this sort and to bespeak possible avenues for research workers to turn to the issues in the hereafter. Remember the decision DOES NOT incorporate new issues non explored elsewhere or new stuff. It is at that place to reason and pull together what you have discovered, non to add to it. Would hold been good to hold a ocular information aggregation which could hold ben achieved via observation/interviews. Dissertation Recommendations Your thesis recommendations should emerge from the decision, suggest what is to be done, who is to make it and how/when it is to be done, and be justified based on findings, non merely the sentiment of the author. Last Page: Decision | Next Page: Referencing Often the recommendations from thesiss get translated into action programs to cut down the load of sightlessness in their communities ( Community Eye Health Journal, London ) . Recommendations cover two cardinal facets. They may propose action which could be taken right now in relation to a peculiar issue or subject. In add-on, or instead, they may propose that farther research and work is necessary to be able to take appropriate action. Research frequently exposes farther jobs and introduces more inquiries. As a pupil, there is a clip bound to your research undertaking, so it is improbable that your work would hold solved all the jobs associated with the country of survey. Therefore, you will be expected to do suggestions about how your work can be improved and, based on your findings, whether there are countries that deserve farther probe. What you write in this subdivision will demo whether you have a steadfast grasp of your work, and whether you have given sufficient idea to its deductions, non merely within the narrow confines of the research subject, but to related Fieldss. These reflect your ability for original idea, and your possible to transport out original research ; cardinal issues in a research grade. In the instance of a high degree thesis, such as at PhD degree particularly, where you are expected to be the expert, it would be more than abashing if an assessor can do more suggestions about how your wo rk can be progressed. This is non a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown with great force. ( Dorothy Parker ) Key recommendations contents: Remedial action to work out the job. Further research to make full in spreads in our understanding.A Directions for future probes on this or related subjects. Principles of anti-ageist pattern Good pattern in work with older people is inherently anti-ageist. Unfortunately, ageist attitudes and policies, unequal resources and deficiency of staff preparation in the demands of older people all conspire to take down the quality of pattern. Are there rules that should inform an anti-ageist pattern with older people? Think about the undermentioned cardinal words: Value and esteem Listening Seeking information The older individual s voice Choice Inter-depenency Priortion of service Principles of anti-ageist pattern Suggested reply We would propose the followers: Value and esteem the single older individual as the grownup he or she is. For illustration, do non take down with names like dear or utilizing first names without permission and regard privateness. Listen and seek to understand what the older individual wants. Seek information, without being intrusive, about the individual s life: household history, work, involvements etc. as this can assist with 2 above and can besides help in organizing a relationship. Ensure that the older individual s voice is heard, if necessary through an advocator. Offer pick. Promote inter-dependency. Independence may be a hard end for some older people, but inter-dependency i.e. being able to give emotional support, for illustration, in return for support given may be a more realistic purpose. Prioritizing services for the most deprived older people such as those with terrible mental wellness jobs and those in poorness for illustration, many older adult females and black and Asiatic older people. Bytheway, B. ( 1995 ) Ageism, Buckingham, Open University Press Bytheway, B. and Johnson, J. ( 1990 ) On specifying agism , Critical Social Policy, 27, pp.27-39. Levenson, R. ( 2003 ) Auditing Age Discrimination: A Practical Approach to Promoting Age Equality in Health and Social Care, London, King s Fund Ray, S. , Sharp, E. and Abrams, D. ( 2006 ) Ageism: a benchmark of public attitudes in Britain, London, Age Concern England Roberts, E. , Robinson, J. and Seymour, L. ( 2002 ) Old Habits Die Hard: Tackling age favoritism in wellness and societal attention, London, Kings Fund Robinson, B ( 1994 ) Ageism, Appendix B, hypertext transfer protocol: //ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~aging/ModuleAgeism.html Avery, D. R. , McKay, P. F. , A ; Wilson, D. C. ( 2007 ) . Prosecuting the aging work force: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee battle. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1542-1556. Avolio, B. J. , Waldman, D. A. , A ; McDaniel, M. A. ( 1990 ) . Age and work public presentation in nonmanagerial occupations: The effects of experience and occupational type. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 407-422. Celejewski, I. , A ; Dion, K. K. ( 1998 ) . Self-perception and perceptual experience of age groups as a map of the percipient s class rank. International Journal of Aging A ; Human Development, 47, 205-216. Finkelstein, L. M. , A ; Burke, M. J. ( 1998 ) . Age pigeonholing at work: The function of rater and contextual factors on ratings of occupation appliers. Journal of General Psychology, 125, 317-345. Kite, M. E. , A ; Johnson, B. T. ( 1988 ) . Attitudes toward older and younger grownups: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 233-244. Kite, M. E. , Stockdale, G. D. , Whitley, B. E. , A ; Johnson, B. T. ( 2005 ) . Attitudes toward younger and older grownups: An updated meta-analytic reappraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 241-266.